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Last updated October 2025
Stammering references
- Alm, P. A., Karlsson, R., Sundberg, M., and Axelson, H. W. (2013) ‘Hemispheric lateralization of motor thresholds in relation to stuttering’. PLOS ONE, 8(10): e76824 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076824
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- Baker, J., Barnett, C., Cavalli, L., Dietrich, M., Dixon, L., Duffy, J.R., Elias, A., Fraser, D.E., Freeburn, J.L., Gregory, C., and McKenzie, K. (2021) ‘Management of functional communication, swallowing, cough and related disorders: consensus recommendations for speech and language therapy’. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 92(10), pp.1112-1125. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-326767
- Baxter, S., Johnson, M., Blank, L., Cantrell, A., Brumfitt, S., Enderby, P. & Goyder, E. (2015) ‘The state of the art in non‐pharmacological interventions for developmental stuttering. Part 1: a systematic review of effectiveness’. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 50(5), pp. 676-718. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12171
- Baxter, S., Johnson, M., Blank, L., Cantrell, A., Brumfitt, S., Enderby, P. & Goyder, E. (2016) ‘Non-pharmacological treatments for stuttering in children and adults: a systematic review and evaluation of clinical effectiveness, and exploration of barriers to successful outcomes’. Health Technology Assessment, 20(2), pp.1-302. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta20020
- Bernard, R., Hofslundsengen, H., and Norbury, C.F., (2022) ‘Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Children and Adolescents Who Stutter: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Disorders, 65(2), pp. 624-644. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00236
- Berquez, A., and Jeffery, M. (2024) Solution Focused Brief Therapy with Children and Young People who Stammer and their Parents: A Practical Guide from the Michael Palin Centre (1st edn). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003349440
- Bloodstein, O., Bernstein Ratner, N., and Brundage, S. B. (2021) A handbook on stuttering (7th edn.). San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. e-book ISBN: 9781635503180
- Bloodstein, O. (1995) A Handbook on Stuttering (5th edn). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. ISBN: 1565933958
- Bothe, A. K., Davidow, J. H., Bramlett, R. E., Franic, D. M., and Ingham, R. J. (2006) ‘Stuttering Treatment Research 1970–2005: II. Systematic Review Incorporating Trial Quality Assessment of Pharmacological Approaches’. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15(4), pp. 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2006/032)
- Boyle, M.P. (2015) ‘Identifying correlates of self-stigma in adults who stutter: Further establishing the construct validity of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S)’. Journal of fluency disorders, 43, pp. 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.12.002
- Boyle, M.P., and Fearon, A.N.,(2018) ‘Self-stigma and its associations with stress, physical health, and health care satisfaction in adults who stutter’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 56, pp.112-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.10.002
- Boyle, M.P., Cheyne, M.R., and Rosen, A.L. (2023) ‘Self-stigma of stuttering: Implications for communicative participation and mental health’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(9), pp.3328-3345. https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_JSLHR-23-00098
- Boyle, M.P. (2011) ‘Mindfulness training in stuttering therapy: A tutorial for speech-language pathologists’. Journal of fluency disorders, 36(2), pp.122-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.04.005
- Brignell, A., Krahe, M., Downes, M., Kefalianos, E., Reilly, S., and Morgan, A., (2021) ‘Interventions for children and adolescents who stutter: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and evidence map’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 70, e105843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105843
- Briley, P.M., and Ellis Jr, C. (2018) ‘The coexistence of disabling conditions in children who stutter: Evidence from the National Health Interview Survey’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(12), pp.2895-2905. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0378
- Brocklehurst, P.H. (2013) ‘Stuttering prevalence, incidence and recovery rates depend on how we define it: Comment on Yairi & Ambrose’s article Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances’. Journal of fluency disorders, 38(3), pp.290-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.01.002
- Bull, C., Finer, A., and Sowerbutts, A. (2025) My Stammer and Me: Supporting Children and Young People who Stammer. London: Routledge ISBN: 9781032663562
- Burns, K., and Northcott, S. (2022) Working with Solution-Focused Brief Therapy in Healthcare Settings. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003003755
- Campbell. P., Constantino. C., and Simpson. S. (2019) Stammering pride and prejudice: Difference not defect. ISBN: 9781907826368
- Guildford: J & R Press Ltd.
- Chang, S.E., and Guenther, F.H. (2020) ‘Involvement of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop in developmental stuttering’. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, pp. 3088. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03088
- Cheasman, C., Everard, R., and Simpson, S., (2013) Stammering therapy from the Inside: New Perspectives on Working with Young People and Adults. Guildford: J & R Press Limited. ISBN: 9781907826078
- Clark, C.E., Conture, E.G., Walden, T.A., and Lambert, W.E. (2015) ‘Speech-language dissociations, distractibility, and childhood stuttering’. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24(3), pp.480-503. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJSLP-14-0198
- Coalson, G.A., Crawford, A., Treleaven, S.B., Byrd, C.T., Davis, L., Dang, L., Edgerly, J., andTurk, A. (2022) ‘Microaggression and the adult stuttering experience’. Journal of Communication Disorders, 95, e106180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106180
- Constantino, C.D., Leslie, P., Quesal, R.W., and Yaruss, J.S. (2016) A preliminary investigation of daily variability of stuttering in adults. Journal of Communication Disorders, 60, pp.39-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.02.001
- Constantino, C.D., Eichorn, N., Buder, E.H., Beck, J.G., and Manning, W.H., (2020) ‘The speaker’s experience of stuttering: Measuring spontaneity’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(4), pp.983-1001 https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00068
- Constantino, C., Campbell, P., and Simpson, S. (2022) ‘Stuttering and the social model’. Journal of Communication Disorders, 96, e106200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106200
- Constantino, C.D. (2023) ‘Fostering positive stuttering identities using stutter-affirming therapy’. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 54(1), pp.42-62 https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00038
- Constantino, C.D., Eichorn, N., Buder, E.H., Beck, J.G., and Manning, W.H. (2020) ‘The Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering: Measuring Spontaneity’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(4), pp. 983-1001. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00068
- Craig, A., and Tran, Y. (2014) ‘Trait and social anxiety in adults with chronic stuttering: Conclusions following meta-analysis’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 40, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.01.001
- Craig, A., Hancock, K., Tran, Y., Craig, M., and Peters, K. (2002) ‘Epidemiology of stuttering in the community across the entire life span’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45(6), pp.1097-1105. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/088)
- Crichton-Smith, I. (2002) ‘Communicating in the real world: accounts from people who stammer’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27(4), pp. 333-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(02)00161-4
- Crichton-Smith, I., Wright, J., and Stackhouse, J. (2003) ‘Attitudes of speech and language therapists towards stammering: 1985 and 2000’. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 38(3), pp.213-234 https://doi.org/10.1080/1368282031000086282
- Daniels, D.E., Boyle, M.P., and Archer, B.E. (2023) ‘Stuttering, Intersectionality, and Identity: A Qualitative Analysis of the Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals Who Stutter’. Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools, 54(1), pp. 82-95. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00036
- Davis, S., Howell, P., and Cooke, F.,(2002) ‘Sociodynamic relationships between children who stutter and their non‐stuttering classmates’. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(7), pp.939-947. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00093
- De Marchena, A., and Eigsti, I.-M. (2016) ‘The art of common ground: Emergence of a complex pragmatic language skill in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders’. Journal of Child Language, 43(1), pp. 43–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000915000070
- de Sonneville-Koedoot, C., Stolk, E., Rietveld, T., and Franken. M-C. (2015) ‘Direct versus indirect treatment for preschool children who stutter: The RESTART randomized trial’. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0133758. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133758
- Douglass, J.E., Constantino, C., Alvarado, J., Verrastro, K., and Smith, K. (2019) ‘Qualitative investigation of the speech-language therapy experiences of individuals who covertly stutter’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 61, pp.105713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2019.105713
- Drayna, D., and Kang, C. (2011) ‘Genetic approaches to understanding the causes of stuttering’. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 3(4), pp. 374–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11689-011-9090-7
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- Enderby, P.M. and Emerson, J. (1995) Does speech and language therapy work? Chichester: Wiley. ISBN: 1897635389
- Engelhardt, P. E., Alfridijanta, O., McMullon, M. E. G., and Corley, M. (2017) ‘Speaker-versus listener-oriented disfluency: A re-examination of arguments and assumptions from autism spectrum disorder’. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, pp. 2885–2898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3215-0
- Etchell, A.C., Civier, O., Ballard, K.J., and Sowman, P.F. (2018) ‘A systematic literature review of neuroimaging research on developmental stuttering between 1995 and 2016’. Journal of fluency disorders, 55, pp. 6-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.03.007
- Everard, R.A., and Howell, P. (2018) ‘We have a voice: Exploring participants’ experiences of stuttering modification therapy’. American journal of speech-language pathology, 27(3S), pp. 1273-1286. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-ODC11-17-0198
- Farrell, P., Roche, J., O’Dea, E. and Tyson, L. (2024) The Alchemy of Group Supervision. In Supervision in Speech and Language Therapy (pp. 66-79). London: Routledge. e-book ISBN: 9781003301141
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- Freud, D., Levy-Kardash, O., Glick, I., and Ezrati-Vinacour, R. (2020) ‘Pilot program combining acceptance and commitment therapy with stuttering modification therapy for adults who stutter: A case report’. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 72(4), pp.290-301. https://doi.org/10.1159/000501078
- Frigerio-Domingues, C.E., Gkalitsiou, Z., Zezinka, A., Sainz, E., Gutierrez, J., Byrd, C., Webster, R., and Drayna, D. (2019) ‘Genetic factors and therapy outcomes in persistent developmental stuttering’. Journal of Communication Disorders, 80, pp.11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.03.007
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- Gerlach, H., Totty, E., Subramanian, A., and Zebrowski, P. (2018) ‘Stuttering and Labor Market Outcomes in the United States’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(7), pp. 1649-1663. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0353
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- Gilbert, P. (2010) Compassion focused therapy: Distinctive features. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203851197
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- Israel, S., Reuveni, O., Glick, I., and Levit-Binnun, N. (2023) ‘Accepting things as they are: Dispositional mindfulness, decentering, self-compassion, and the impact of stuttering on adults who stutter’. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 32(4), pp.1578-1594. https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_AJSLP-22-00388
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