Stammering and cluttering references

This page contains references for our Stammering and Cluttering guidance

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Last updated October 2025

RCSLT Guidance Info
The RCSLT develops guidance to promote good clinical and professional practice in line with HCPC standards. Please read our statement on guidance to understand how it is developed and how to use it.
RCSLT Guidance Info
The RCSLT develops guidance to promote good clinical and professional practice in line with HCPC standards. Please read our statement on guidance to understand how it is developed and how to use it.

Stammering references

 

  • Alm, P. A., Karlsson, R., Sundberg, M., and Axelson, H. W. (2013) ‘Hemispheric lateralization of motor thresholds in relation to stuttering’. PLOS ONE, 8(10): e76824 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076824 
  • Altunel, A., Sever, A. and Altunel, E.Ö., (2017) ‘ACTH has beneficial effects on stuttering in ADHD and ASD patients with ESES: A retrospective study’. Brain and Development, 39(2), pp.130-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2016.09.001 
  • Anderson, J.D., Pellowski, M.W., Conture, E.G., and Kelly, E.M. (2003) ‘Temperamental characteristics of young children who stutter’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46(5), pp.1221-1233.https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/095) 
  • Andrews, G., Hoddinott, S., Craig, A., Howie, P., Feyer, A.M., and Neilson, M. (1983) ‘Stuttering: A review of research findings and theories circa 1982’. Journal of speech and hearing disorders, 48(3), pp.226-246.https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.4803.226 
  • Bailey, K., Harris, S.J., and Simpson, S. (2015) ‘Stammering and the Social Model of Disability: Challenge and Opportunity’. Procedia, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 193, pp. 13-24.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.240 
  • Baker, J., Barnett, C., Cavalli, L., Dietrich, M., Dixon, L., Duffy, J.R., Elias, A., Fraser, D.E., Freeburn, J.L., Gregory, C., and McKenzie, K. (2021) ‘Management of functional communication, swallowing, cough and related disorders: consensus recommendations for speech and language therapy’. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 92(10), pp.1112-1125.https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-326767 
  • Baxter, S., Johnson, M., Blank, L., Cantrell, A., Brumfitt, S., Enderby, P. & Goyder, E. (2015) ‘The state of the art in nonpharmacological interventions for developmental stuttering. Part 1: a systematic review of effectiveness’.International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 50(5), pp. 676-718.https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12171 
  • Baxter, S., Johnson, M., Blank, L., Cantrell, A., Brumfitt, S., Enderby, P. & Goyder, E. (2016)‘Non-pharmacological treatments for stuttering in children and adults: a systematic review and evaluation of clinical effectiveness, and exploration of barriers to successful outcomes’.Health Technology Assessment, 20(2), pp.1-302.https://doi.org/10.3310/hta20020 
  • Bernard, R., Hofslundsengen, H., and Norbury, C.F., (2022) ‘Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Children and Adolescents Who Stutter: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Disorders, 65(2), pp. 624-644. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00236 
  • Berquez, A., and Jeffery, M. (2024) Solution Focused Brief Therapy with Children and Young People who Stammer and their Parents: A Practical Guide from the Michael Palin Centre (1st edn). London: Routledge.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003349440 
  • Bloodstein, O., Bernstein Ratner, N., and Brundage, S. B. (2021) A handbook on stuttering (7th edn.). San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. e-book ISBN: 9781635503180  
  • Bloodstein, O. (1995) A Handbook on Stuttering (5th edn). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. ISBN: 1565933958  
  • Bothe, A. K., Davidow, J. H., Bramlett, R. E., Franic, D. M., and Ingham, R. J. (2006) ‘Stuttering Treatment Research 1970–2005: II. Systematic Review Incorporating Trial Quality Assessment of Pharmacological Approaches’. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15(4), pp. 342-352.https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2006/032)   
  • Boyle, M.P. (2015) ‘Identifying correlates of self-stigma in adults who stutter: Further establishing the construct validity of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S)’. Journal of fluency disorders, 43, pp. 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.12.002 
  • Boyle, M.P., and Fearon, A.N.,(2018) ‘Self-stigma and its associations with stress, physical health, and health care satisfaction in adults who stutter’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 56, pp.112-121.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.10.002 
  • Boyle, M.P., Cheyne, M.R., and Rosen, A.L. (2023) ‘Self-stigma of stuttering: Implications for communicative participation and mental health’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(9), pp.3328-3345. https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_JSLHR-23-00098 
  • Boyle, M.P. (2011) ‘Mindfulness training in stuttering therapy: A tutorial for speech-language pathologists’. Journal of fluency disorders, 36(2), pp.122-129.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.04.005 
  • Brignell, A., Krahe, M., Downes, M., Kefalianos, E., Reilly, S., and Morgan, A., (2021) ‘Interventions for children and adolescents who stutter: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and evidence map’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 70, e105843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105843 
  • Briley, P.M., and Ellis Jr, C. (2018) ‘The coexistence of disabling conditions in children who stutter: Evidence from the National Health Interview Survey’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(12), pp.2895-2905.https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0378 
  • Brocklehurst, P.H. (2013) ‘Stuttering prevalence, incidence and recovery rates depend on how we define it: Comment on Yairi & Ambrose’s article Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances’. Journal of fluency disorders, 38(3), pp.290-293.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.01.002 
  • Bull, C., Finer, A., and Sowerbutts, A. (2025) My Stammer and Me: Supporting Children and Young People who Stammer. London: Routledge ISBN: 9781032663562  
  • Campbell. P., Constantino. C., and Simpson. S. (2019) Stammering pride and prejudice: Difference not defect. ISBN: 9781907826368 
  • Guildford: J & R Press Ltd.   
  • Chang, S.E., and Guenther, F.H. (2020) ‘Involvement of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop in developmental stuttering’. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, pp. 3088.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03088 
  • Cheasman, C., Everard, R., and Simpson, S., (2013) Stammering therapy from the Inside: New Perspectives on Working with Young People and Adults. Guildford: J & R Press Limited. ISBN: 9781907826078  
  • Clark, C.E., Conture, E.G., Walden, T.A., and Lambert, W.E. (2015) ‘Speech-language dissociations, distractibility, and childhood stuttering’. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24(3), pp.480-503.https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJSLP-14-0198 
  • Coalson, G.A., Crawford, A., Treleaven, S.B., Byrd, C.T., Davis, L., Dang, L., Edgerly, J., andTurk, A. (2022) ‘Microaggression and the adult stuttering experience’. Journal of Communication Disorders, 95, e106180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106180 
  • Constantino, C.D., Leslie, P., Quesal, R.W., and Yaruss, J.S. (2016) A preliminary investigation of daily variability of stuttering in adults. Journal of Communication Disorders, 60, pp.39-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.02.001 
  • Constantino, C.D., Eichorn, N., Buder, E.H., Beck, J.G., and Manning, W.H., (2020) ‘The speaker’s experience of stuttering: Measuring spontaneity’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(4), pp.983-1001 https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00068 
  • Constantino, C.D. (2023) ‘Fostering positive stuttering identities using stutter-affirming therapy’. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 54(1), pp.42-62 https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00038 
  • Constantino, C.D., Eichorn, N., Buder, E.H., Beck, J.G., and Manning, W.H. (2020) ‘The Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering: Measuring Spontaneity’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(4), pp. 983-1001.  https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00068 
  •  Craig, A., and Tran, Y. (2014) ‘Trait and social anxiety in adults with chronic stuttering: Conclusions following meta-analysis’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 40, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.01.001 
  • Craig, A., Hancock, K., Tran, Y., Craig, M., and Peters, K. (2002) ‘Epidemiology of stuttering in the community across the entire life span’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45(6), pp.1097-1105.https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/088) 
  • Crichton-Smith, I., Wright, J., and Stackhouse, J. (2003) ‘Attitudes of speech and language therapists towards stammering: 1985 and 2000’. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 38(3), pp.213-234 https://doi.org/10.1080/1368282031000086282 
  • Daniels, D.E., Boyle, M.P., and Archer, B.E. (2023) ‘Stuttering, Intersectionality, and Identity: A Qualitative Analysis of the Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals Who Stutter’.Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools,54(1), pp. 82-95.https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00036 
  • Davis, S., Howell, P., and Cooke, F.,(2002) ‘Sociodynamic relationships between children who stutter and their nonstuttering classmates’. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(7), pp.939-947. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00093 
  • De Marchena, A., and Eigsti, I.-M. (2016) ‘The art of common ground: Emergence of a complex pragmatic language skill in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders’. Journal of Child Language, 43(1), pp. 43–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000915000070 
  • de Sonneville-Koedoot, C., Stolk, E., Rietveld, T., and Franken. M-C. (2015) ‘Direct versus indirect treatment for preschool children who stutter: The RESTART randomized trial’. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0133758. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133758 
  • Douglass, J.E., Constantino, C., Alvarado, J., Verrastro, K., and Smith, K. (2019) ‘Qualitative investigation of the speech-language therapy experiences of individuals who covertly stutter’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 61, pp.105713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2019.105713 
  • Drayna, D., and Kang, C. (2011) ‘Genetic approaches to understanding the causes of stuttering’. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 3(4), pp. 374–380.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11689-011-9090-7 
  • Emge, G., and Pellowski, M.W. (2019) ‘Incorporating a mindfulness meditation exercise into a stuttering treatment program’. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 40(2), pp.125-128.https://doi.org/10.1177/1525740118783516 
  • Enderby, P.M. and Emerson, J. (1995) Does speech and language therapy work? Chichester: Wiley. ISBN: 1897635389  
  • Engelhardt, P. E., Alfridijanta, O., McMullon, M. E. G., and Corley, M. (2017) ‘Speaker-versus listener-oriented disfluency: A re-examination of arguments and assumptions from autism spectrum disorder’. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, pp. 2885–2898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3215-0 
  • Etchell, A.C., Civier, O., Ballard, K.J., and Sowman, P.F. (2018) ‘A systematic literature review of neuroimaging research on developmental stuttering between 1995 and 2016’. Journal of fluency disorders, 55, pp. 6-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.03.007 
  • Everard, R.A., and Howell, P. (2018) ‘We have a voice: Exploring participants’ experiences of stuttering modification therapy’.American journal of speech-language pathology,27(3S), pp. 1273-1286.https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-ODC11-17-0198 
  • Farrell, P., Roche, J., O’Dea, E. and Tyson, L. (2024) The Alchemy of Group Supervision. In Supervision in Speech and Language Therapy (pp. 66-79). London: Routledge. e-book ISBN: 9781003301141  
  • Franken, M.C., de Sonneville-Koedoot, C., Stolk, E., Rietveld, A.C.M., and Bouwmans-Frijters, C. (2015) ’Comparing a Demands and Capacities Model Approach and the Lidcombe Program for Pre-school Stuttering Children: The Restart Randomised trial’.Procedia, social and behavioral sciences,93, pp. 287-288.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.276 
  • Freud, D., Levy-Kardash, O., Glick, I., and Ezrati-Vinacour, R. (2020) ‘Pilot program combining acceptance and commitment therapy with stuttering modification therapy for adults who stutter: A case report’. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 72(4), pp.290-301. https://doi.org/10.1159/000501078 
  • Frigerio-Domingues, C.E., Gkalitsiou, Z., Zezinka, A., Sainz, E., Gutierrez, J., Byrd, C., Webster, R., and Drayna, D. (2019) ‘Genetic factors and therapy outcomes in persistent developmental stuttering’. Journal of Communication Disorders, 80, pp.11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.03.007 
  • Gattie, M., Lieven, E., and Kluk, K. (2024) ‘Adult Stuttering Prevalence I: Systematic Review and Identification of Stuttering in Large Populations’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 83, e106085.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2024.106085 
  • Gerlach, H., Totty, E., Subramanian, A., and Zebrowski, P. (2018) ‘Stuttering and Labor Market Outcomes in the United States’.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,61(7), pp. 1649-1663.  https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0353 
  • Gerlach-Houck, H., and Constantino, C.D. (2022) ‘Interrupting ableism in stuttering therapy and research: Practical suggestions’. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 7(2), pp.357-374 https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_PERSP-21-00109 
  • Gerlach-Houck, H., and DeThorne, L.S. (2023) ‘Resisting ableism: A personal response to complex questions’. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 54(1), pp.156-159. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00160 
  • Hayhow, R. (2011) ‘Does it work? Why does it work? Reconciling difficult questions’.International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders,46(2), pp. 155-168.https://doi.org/10.3109/13682822.2010.490572 
  • Hokstad, S., and Næss, K.A.B. (2023) ‘Stuttering in individuals with Down syndrome: a systematic review of earlier research’. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, p.1176743.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176743 
  • Israel, S., Reuveni, O., Glick, I., and Levit-Binnun, N. (2023) ‘Accepting things as they are: Dispositional mindfulness, decentering, self-compassion, and the impact of stuttering on adults who stutter’. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 32(4), pp.1578-1594.https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_AJSLP-22-00388 
  • Iverach, L., and Rapee, R.M. (2014) ‘Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions’. Journal of fluency disorders, 40, pp. 69-82.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.08.003 
  • Iverach, L., Jones, M., McLellan, L.F., Lyneham, H.J., Menzies, R.G., Onslow, M., and Rapee, R.M. (2016) ‘Prevalence of anxiety disorders among children who stutter’. Journal of fluency disorders, 49, pp. 13-28.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2016.07.002   
  • Iverach, L., O’Brian, S., Jones, M., Block, S., Lincoln, M., Harrison, E., Hewat, S., Menzies, R.G., Packman, A., and Onslow, M. (2009) ‘Prevalence of anxiety disorders among adults seeking speech therapy for stuttering’. Journal of anxiety disorders, 23(7), pp.928-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.06.003 
  • Johnson, G., Onslow, M., Horton, S., and Kefalianos, E.(2023) ‘Psychosocial features of stuttering for schoolAge Children: A systematic review’. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 58(5), pp. 1829–1845. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12887 
  • Jones, M., Onslow, M., Packman, A., Williams, S., Ormond, T., Schwarz, L., and Gebski, V.  (2005) ‘Randomised controlled trial of the Lidcombe Programme of early stuttering intervention’. BMJ, 331(7518), p. 659. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38520.451840.e0   
  • Jones, R., Choi, D., Conture, E., and Walden, T.(2014) ‘Temperament, emotion, and childhood stuttering’.  Seminars in Speech and Language, 35,(2), pp. 114-131. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1371755 
  • Kelman, E., Whyte, A., Palin, M. & Association for Research into Stammering in Childhood (2012) Understanding stammering or stuttering: a guide for parents, teachers and other professionals. London: Jessica Kingsley. ISBN: 978 1 84905 268 9 / EISBN: 978 0 85700 543 4  
  • Klein, J.F., and Hood, S.B. (2004) ‘The impact of stuttering on employment opportunities and job performance’. Journal of fluency disorders, 29(4), pp. 255-273.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2004.08.001 
  • Kloth, S. A. M., Kraaimaat, F. W., Janssen, P., and Brutten, G. J. (1999) ‘Persistence and remission of incipient stuttering among high-risk children’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 24(4), pp. 253–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(99)00016-9 
  • Koushik, S., Shenker, R., and Onslow, M. (2009) ‘Follow-up of 6–10-year-old stuttering children after Lidcombe Program treatment: A Phase I trial’.Journal of fluency disorders,34(4), pp. 279-290.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.11.001 
  • Laiho, A., Elovaara, H., Kaisamatti, K., Luhtalampi, K., Talaskivi, L., Pohja, S., Routamo-Jaatela, K., and Vuorio, E. (2022) ‘Stuttering interventions for children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review as a part of clinical guidelines’. Journal of Communication Disorders,99, e106242 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106242 
  • Langevin, M., Packman, A., and Onslow, M. (2009) ‘Peer responses to stuttering in the preschool setting’. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(3), pp. 264-276 https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2009/07-0087) 
  • Logan, J. (2013) ‘New stories of stammering: A narrative approach’, in: Cheasman, C., Everard, R., and Sampson, S. (Eds.) Stammering therapy from the inside: New perspectives on working with young people and adults. Guildford, United Kingdom: J&R Press. ISBN 978-1-907826-07-6 https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12088 
  • Louis, K.O.S., and Hinzman, A.R. (1988) ‘A descriptive study of speech, language, and hearing characteristics of school-aged stutterers’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 13(5), pp.331-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-730X(88)90003-4 
  • Louko, L.J., Edwards, M.L., and Conture, E.G. (1990) ’Phonological characteristics of young stutterers and their normally fluent peers: Preliminary observations’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 15(4), pp.191-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-730X(90)90001-9 
  • Lundgren, K., Helm-Estabrooks, N., and Klein, R. (2010) ‘Stuttering following acquired brain damage: A review of the literature’. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(5), pp.447-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2009.08.008 
  • Maher-Edwards, L. (2024) ‘Supervision: A Personal and Professional Perspective’ in: Sparkes, C., Simpson, S., and Harding, H. (Eds) Supervision in Speech and Language Therapy. London: Routledge, pp. 111-115.  eBook ISBN 9781003301141  
  • McAllister, J., Collier, J., and Shepstone, L. (2012) ‘The impact of adolescent stuttering on educational and employment outcomes: Evidence from a birth cohort study’.Journal of Fluency Disorders,37(2), pp. 106-121.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.01.002 
  • McGill, M., Noureal, N., and Siegel, J. (2019) ‘Telepractice Treatment of Stuttering: A Systematic Review’.Telemedicine journal and e-health,25(5), pp. 359-368.https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2017.0319 
  • McKenzie, K., Hilari, K., and Behn N. (2024) ‘An exploration of UK speech and language therapists’ treatment and management of functional communication disorders: A mixed-methods online survey’. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 59(6), pp. 2752-2765.https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.13113 
  • Menzies, R., O’Brian, S., Packman, A., Jones, M., Helgadóttir, F.D., and Onslow, M. (2019) ‘Supplementing stuttering treatment with online cognitive behavior therapy: An experimental trial’. Journal of Communication Disorders, 80, pp.81-91.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.04.003 
  • Millard, S.K., Edwards, S., and Cook, F.M. (2009) ‘Parent-child interaction therapy: Adding to the evidence’.International Journal of Speech Language Pathology,11(1), pp. 61-76.  https://doi.org/10.1080/17549500802603895 
  • Millard, S.K., Zebrowksi, P., and Kelman, E. (2018) ‘Palin Parent Child Interaction Therapy: The bigger picture’.American Journal of Speech and Language Pathology, 27(3S), pp. 1211-1223. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-ODC11-17-0199 
  • Nnamani, A., Akabogu, J., Otu, M.S., Ukoha, E., Uloh-Bethels, A.C., Omile, J.C., Obiezu, M.N., Dike, A.E., Ike, C.V., and Iyekekpolor, O.M. (2019) ‘Cognitive behaviour language therapy for speech anxiety among stuttering school adolescents’. Journal of International Medical Research, 47(7), pp.3109-3114.https://doi.org/10.1177/030006051985338 
  • Norman, A., Lowe, R., Onslow, M., O’Brian, S., Packman, A., Menzies, R. & Schroeder, L. (2023) ‘Cost of Illness and Health-Related Quality of Life for Stuttering: Two Systematic Reviews’.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,66(11), pp. 4414-4431.  https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_JSLHR-23-00072 
  • Nye, C., Vanryckeghem, M., Schwartz, J. B., Herder, C., Turner, H. M., and Howard, C. (2013)‘Behavioral Stuttering Interventions for Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis’.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56(3), pp. 921-932.https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0036) 
  • O’Brian, S., Onslow, M., Cream, A., and Packman, A. (2003) ‘The Camperdown Program: Outcomes of a New Prolonged-Speech Treatment Model’.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,46(4), pp. 933-946.https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/073) 
  • O’Brian, S., Jones, M., Packman, A., Onslow, M., Menzies, R., Lowe, R., Cream, A., Hearne, A., Hewat, S., Harrison, E., Block, S., and Briem, A.(2022) ‘The complexity of stuttering behavior in adults and adolescents: Relationship to age, severity, mental health, impact of stuttering, and behavioral treatment outcome’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 65(7), pp.2446-2458. https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_JSLHR-21-00452 
  • O’Leary, I. (2025) Working with Children and Young People who Stammer. 3rd Edn. Routledge: London. eISBN: 9781003218975  
  • Onslow, M., and Millard, S. (2012) ‘Palin Parent Child Interaction and the Lidcombe Program: Clarifying some issues’.Journal of Fluency Disorders,37(1), pp. 1-8.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.10.002 
  • Packman, A., and Kuhn, L. (2009) ‘Looking at stuttering through the lens of complexity’. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(1), pp.77-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549500802630039 
  • Pierre, J.S. (2012) ‘The Construction of the Disabled Speaker: Locating Stuttering in Disability Studies’. Canadian Journal of Disability Studies,1(3), p. 1.https://doi.org/10.15353/cjds.v1i3.54 
  • Pierre, J.S. (2019) ‘An introduction to stuttering and disability theory: Misfits in meaning’. In Campbell, P., Constantino, C., and Simpson, S. (Eds.) Stammering Pride and Prejudice: Difference not Defect. Guildford: J&R Press, pp. 3-18.  ISBN: 978-1-907826-36-8  
  • Plexico, L. W., Cleary, J. E., McAlpine, A., and Plumb, A. M. (2010) ‘Disfluency characteristics observed in young children with autism spectrum disorders: A preliminary report’. Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 20(2), pp. 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1044/ffd20.2.42 
  • Preston, R., Halpin, M., Clarke, G. and Millard, S. (2022) ’Palin parent-child interaction therapy with children with autism spectrum disorder and stuttering’. Journal of Communication Disorders, 97, p.106217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106217 
  • Ramos-Heinrichs, L. (2023) ‘Solution-focused brief therapy for stuttering in the public schools: Children solve their own stuttering problems in this case study’. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 54(4), pp.1038-1051.https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_LSHSS-22-00172 
  • Ribbler, N. (2006) ‘When a student stutters: identifying the adverse educational impact’. Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 16(1), pp. 15-17 https://doi.org/10.1044/ffd16.1.15 
  • Sheehan, J.G., and Martyn, M.M. (1970) ‘Stuttering and its disappearance’. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 13(2), pp.279-289. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.1302.279 
  • Singer, C.M., Hessling, A., Kelly, E.M., Singer, L., and Jones, R.M. (2020) ‘Clinical characteristics associated with stuttering persistence: A meta-analysis’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(9), pp.2995-3018. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00096 
  • Sisskin, V.,(2023) ‘Disfluency-affirming therapy for young people who stutter: Unpacking ableism in the therapy room’. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 54(1), pp.114-119.https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_LSHSS-22-00015 
  • Smith, A., & Kelly, E. (1997). ‘Stuttering: A dynamic, multifactorial model’, in; Curlee, R.F., and Siegel, G. (Eds.), Nature and treatment of stuttering: New directions. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, pp. 204-217. ISBN: ‎020516336X  
  • Sugathan, N., and Maruthy, S. (2020) ‘Predictive factors for persistence and recovery of stuttering in children: A systematic review’.International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology,23(4), pp. 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2020.1812718 
  • Tatum, M.L.(2017) ‘Overview: A perspective on school programs’, in: Cassell, C., and Wilson, P.M. (Eds.) Sexuality Education. London: Routledge, pp.95-103. eBook ISBN9781315174877  
  • Theys, C., and De Nil, L. F. (2022) ‘Acquired Stuttering: Etiology, Symptomatology, Identification, and Treatment’, in: Zebrowski, P.M., Anderson, J.D., and Conture, E.G. (Eds.)  Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency. 4th edn. New York: Thieme,  pp. 271 – 273.  https://doi.org/10.1055/b-0042-189428 
  • Theys, C., and Tetnowski, J. A. (2022) ‘Acquired Stuttering’, in: Eggers, K., and Leahy, M. (Eds.), Clinical Cases in Dysfluency. London: Routledge.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003179016 
  • Tichenor, S. E., and Yaruss, J. S. (2019) ‘Group experiences and individual differences in stuttering’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,62(12), pp. 4335–4350. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00138 
  • Tichenor, S. E., and Yaruss, J. S. (2021) ‘Variability of stuttering: Behavior and impact’. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 30(1), pp. 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-20-00112 
  • Tichenor, S. E., Leslie, P., Shaiman, S., and Yaruss, J. S. (2017) ‘Speaker and observer perceptions of physical tension during stuttering’. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 69(4), pp. 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486032 
  • Tichenor, S.E., Palasik, S., and Yaruss, J.S., (2023) ‘Understanding the broader impact of stuttering: Suicidal ideation’. American journal of speech-language pathology, 32(5), pp.2087-2110. https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_AJSLP-23-00007 
  • Van Der Meulen, I., and Pangalila, R. (2022) ‘What are the effects of nonpharmacological treatments for stuttering in children up to 6 years of age? A Cochrane Review summary with commentary’. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 64(10), pp.1190-1192. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15299 
  • Van Zaalen-op’t Hof, Y., Wijnen, F., and De Jonckere, P.H. (2009) ‘Differential diagnostic characteristics between cluttering and stuttering—Part one’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34(3), pp.137-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.07.001 
  • Vanryckeghem, M., and Brutten, G. (2007) The KiddyCAT: Communication attitude test for preschool and kindergarten children who stutter. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing, Inc. ISBN: 978-1-59756-117-4  
  • Ward, D. (2018) Stuttering and cluttering: frameworks for understanding and treatment, Second edn, Routledge, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315727073 
  • Watkins, K.E., Smith, S.M., Davis, S., and Howell, P. 2008, ‘Structural and functional abnormalities of the motor system in developmental stuttering’. Brain, 131(1), pp. 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm241 
  • Weber-Fox, C., Wray, A.H., and Arnold, H. (2013) ‘Early childhood stuttering and electrophysiological indices of language processing’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(2), pp.206-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.01.001 
  • Yairi, E., and Ambrose, N. (2005) Early childhood stuttering. Austin, TX: PRO-ED, Inc. ISBN:9780890799857, 0890799857  
  • Yaruss, J. S., and Conture, E. G. (1995) ‘Mother and child speaking rates and utterance lengths in adjacent fluent utterances: Preliminary observations’. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 20(3), pp. 257–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-730X(94)00013-J 
  • Zablotsky, B., Black, L.I., Maenner, M.J., Schieve, L.A., Danielson, M.L., Bitsko, R.H., Blumberg, S.J., Kogan, M.D., and Boyle, C.A. (2019) ‘Prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities among children in the United States: 2009–2017’, Pediatrics (Evanston), 144(4), e20190811. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0811 

 

Cluttering references

 

  • Bloodstein, O., Bernstein Ratner, N., and Brundage, S.B. (2021) A handbook on stuttering. 7th ed. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. ISBN 9781418042035 (pbk.)  
  • Daly, D.A., and Burnett, M.L. (1999) ‘Cluttering: Traditional views and new perspectives’, in: Curlee, R.F. (ed.) Stuttering and disorders of fluency. 2nd edn. New York: Thieme, pp.222–254. ISBN-10: 0865777640  
  • Duchan, J.F. (2022) ‘Frameworks used in cluttering treatments: Past, present, and future’. Advances in Communication and Swallowing, 24(2), pp.87-97. https://doi.org/10.3233/ACS-210033 
  • Farrell, P., Roche, J., O’Dea, E. and Tyson, L. (2024) The Alchemy of Group Supervision. In Supervision in Speech and Language Therapy (pp. 66-79). London: Routledge. e-book ISBN: 9781003301141 
  • Falck-Pedersen, T., and Sønsterud, H. (2023) Cluttering and its impact on working life and career choice: Qualitative semi-structured interviews with adults with cluttering in Norway. Proceedings of the 2022 Joint World Congress on Stuttering and Cluttering. International Fluency Association.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375723449 (Accessed: October 2025) 
  • Howell, P., and Davis, S., (2011) The epidemiology of cluttering with stuttering. In Cluttering (pp. 69-89). Psychology Press. EBook ISBN 9780203833421  
  • Icht, M., Zukerman, G., Zigdon, A., and Korn, L.(2023)‘There is more to cluttering than meets the eye: The prevalence of cluttering and association with psychological wellbeing indices in an undergraduate sample’, International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 58(6), pp. 2022–2032. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12917 
  • Luchsinger, R., and Arnold, G.E. (1965) Voice-Speech-Language: Clinical Communicology: Its Physiology and Pathology. Belmont, CA:  Wadsworth Pub Co. ISBN: 0534006809  
  • Maher-Edwards, L. (2024) ‘Supervision: A Personal and Professional Perspective’ in: Sparkes, C., Simpson, S., and Harding, H. (Eds) Supervision in Speech and Language Therapy. London: Routledge, pp. 111-115.eBook ISBN 9781003301141 
  • Reichel, I. (2007) ‘Treating the person who clutters and stutters’, in K.,Bakker, L. Raphael, & F. Myers (Eds.) Proceedings of the First World Conference on Cluttering. Katarino, Bulgaria, 2007, pp. 99-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1588.7369 
  • Scaler Scott, K. (2022) ‘Cluttering in a School-Aged Child: Tackling the Challenges Step by Step’, Seminars in speech and language, 43 (02), pp. 130-146.https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1743537   
  • Scaler Scott, K. (2017) ‘Stuttering and Cluttering’, in: Cummings, L. (Ed) Research in Clinical Pragmatics. Perspectives in Pragmatics, Philosophy & Psychology,11, pp. 471-490 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47489-2_18 
  • Sommer, M., Waltersbacher, A., Schlotmann, A., Schröder, H. and Strzelczyk, A. (2021) ‘Prevalence and Therapy Rates for Stuttering, Cluttering, and Developmental Disorders of Speech and Language: Evaluation of German Health Insurance Data’, Frontiers in human neuroscience, 15.https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.645292 
  • St Louis, K.O., and Hinzman, A.R. (1986) ‘Studies of cluttering: Perceptions of cluttering by speech-language pathologists and educators’, Journal of fluency disorders, 11(2), pp. 131-149.https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-730X(86)90028-8 
  • St. Louis, K.O., and Schulte, K. (2011) ‘Defining cluttering: The lowest common denominator’, Cluttering: A Handbook of Research, Intervention and Education, pp. 233-253.  eBook ISBN  9780203833421 https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203833421   
  • Van Zaalen, Y., and Reichel, I. (2015) Cluttering: Current views on its nature, diagnosis and treatment. Bloomington, In: Iuniverse Inc. ISBN-10: 1491743263  
  • Van Zaalen, Y. and Reichel, I.K. (2014) ‘Cluttering treatment: Theoretical considerations and Intervention Planning’. Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders, 4(2), pp. 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1044/gics4.2.57 
  • Van Zaalen-op’t Hof, Y., Wijnen, F., and De Jonckere, P.H. (2009) ‘Differential diagnostic characteristics between cluttering and stuttering—Part one’. Journal of fluency disorders, 34(3), pp.137-154.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.07.001 
  • Van Zaalen, Y. and Reichel, I. (2024) An Introduction to Cluttering: A Practical Guide for Speech-Language Pathology Students, Clinicians, and Researchers. Routledge https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003460558 
  • Ward, D., and Scaler Scott, K. (2013) Managing cluttering – a comprehensive guidebook of activities. Austin: Pro-ed. ISBN 978-1416405429 
  • Zukerman, G., Icht, M., Zigdon, A., and Korn, L. (2024) ‘Self-inefficacy’s impact on well-being indices in students self-identifying with cluttering characteristics’. Journal of communication disorders, 112, pp. 106469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2024.106469