Parkinson's resources

This page provides resources about supporting people with Parkinson’s

For best practice, see our guidance pages

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Last updated: December 2025

RCSLT Guidance Info
The RCSLT develops guidance to promote good clinical and professional practice in line with HCPC standards. Please read our statement on guidance to understand how it is developed and how to use it.
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RCSLT Guidance Info
The RCSLT develops guidance to promote good clinical and professional practice in line with HCPC standards. Please read our statement on guidance to understand how it is developed and how to use it.
Download IconDownload as PDF

RCSLT guidance and statements

 

Parkinson’s UK guidance and resources

 

For professionals

 

For service users

Guidelines and eLearning

 

NICE guidelines

 

Other guidelines

 

eLearning

Further reading

 

Caregivers 

 

Communication assessment

  • Rusz, J., Tykalova, T., Ramig, L.O. and Tripoliti, E. (2021). ‘Guidelines for speech recording and acoustic analyses in dysarthrias of movement disorders’. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 36(4), 803–814. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.28465

 

Communication treatments

  • Antonsson, M., Johansson, K., Dalemo, A. B., Axelsson, C. I., Burge, A., Lesueur, U. and Hartelius, L. (2024). ‘Effect of expiratory muscle strength training on voice and speech: an exploratory study in persons with Parkinson’s disease or multiple sclerosis’. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 26:4, 475–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2023.2243402
  • Miller, N., Noble, E., Jones, D., Allcock, L. and Burn, D. J. (2008). ‘How do I sound to me? Perceived changes in communication in Parkinson’s disease’. Clinical Rehabilitation 22, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215507079096
  • Ramig, L. O., Sapir, S., Countryman, S., Pawlas, A. A., O’Brien, C., Hoehn, M. and Thimpson, L. L. (2001). ‘Intensive voice treatment (LSVT®) for patients with Parkinson’s disease: a 2 year follow up’. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 71, 493–498. Available at: https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/71/4/493.info
  • Rusz, J., Tykalová, T., Klempír, J., Čmejla, R. and Růžička, E. (2016). ‘Effects of dopaminergic replacement therapy on motor speech disorders in Parkinson’s disease: longitudinal follow-up study on previously untreated patients’. Journal of Neural Transmission 123, 379–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1515-8
  • Stegemöller, E. L., Zaman, A., Shelley, M., Patel, B., Kouzi, A. E. and Shirtcliff, E. A. (2021). ‘The effects of group therapeutic singing on cortisol and motor symptoms in persons with Parkinson’s disease’. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 15, 703382. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.703382
  • Stegemoller, E., Forsyth, E., Patel, B. and Elkoizi, A. (2022). ‘Group therapeutic singing improves clinical motor scores in persons with Parkinson’s disease’. BMJ Neurology Open 4(2), e000286. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjno-2022-000286
  • Steurer, H., Albrecht, F., Gustafsson, J. K., Razi, A., Franzen, E. and Shalling, E. (2024). ‘Speech and neuroimaging effects following HiCommunication: a randomized controlled group intervention trial in Parkinson’s disease’. Brain Communications 6(4), fcae235. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcae235
  • Tamplin, J., Morris, M. E., Baker, F. A., Sousa, T. V., Haines, S., Dunn, S., Tull, V. and Vogel, A. P. (2021). ‘ParkinSong Online: protocol for a telehealth feasibility study of therapeutic group singing for people with Parkinson’s disease’. BMJ Open 11(12), e058953. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058953
  • Tamplin, J., Morris, M. E., Marigliani, C., Baker, F. A., Noffs, G. and Vogel, A. P. (2020) ParkinSong: outcomes of a 12-month controlled trial of therapeutic singing groups in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease 10(3), 1217–1230. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-191838

 

Communication treatment for PSP or MSA

  • Sale, P., Castiglioni, D., De Pandis, M. F., Torti, M., Dall’armi, V., Radicati, F. G. and Stocchi, F. (2015). ‘The Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT®) speech therapy in progressive supranuclear palsy’. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 51(5), 569–574. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26138088

 

Digital

  • Arora, S., Baig, F., Lo, C., Barber, T. R., Lawton, M. A., Zhan, A., Rolinski, M., Ruffmann, C., Klein, J. C., Rumbold, J., Louvel, A., Zaiwalla, Z., Lennox, G., Quinnell, T., Dennis, G., Wade-Martins, R., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Little, M. A. and Hu, M. T. (2018). ‘Smartphone motor testing to distinguish idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder, controls, and PD’. Neurology 91(16), e1528–e1538. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006366
  • Omberg, L., Neto, E. C., Perumal, T. M., Pratap, A, Tediarjo, A., Adams, J., Bloem, B. R., Bot, B. M., Elson, M., Goldman, S. M., Kellen, M. R., Kieburtz, K, Klein, Little, M. A., Schneider, R., Suver, C., Tarolli, C., Tanner, C. M., Trister, A. D., Wilbanks, J., Dorsey, E. R. and Mangravite, L. M. (2022). ‘Remote smartphone monitoring of Parkinson’s disease and individual response to therapy’. Nature Biotechnology 40(4), 480–487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-021-00974-9
  • Zhan, A., Mohan, S., Tarolli, C., Schneider, R. B., Adams, J. L., Sharma, S., Elson, M. J., BA, Spear, K. L., Glidden, A. M., Little, M. A., Terzis, A., Dorsey, E. R. and Saria, S. (2018). ‘Using smartphones and machine learning to quantify Parkinson disease severity: the mobile Parkinson disease score’. Journal of American Medical Association Neurology 75(7), 876–880. https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamaneurol.2018.0809

 

Eating, drinking and swallowing

  • Angulo, J., Fleury, V., Péron, J. A., Penzenstadler, L., Zullino, D. and Krack, P. (2019). ‘Shame in Parkinson’s disease: a review’. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease 9(3), 489–499. https://doi.org/10.3233/jpd-181462
  • Baijens, L. W. J., Speyer, R., Passos, V. L., Pilz, W., Roodenburg, N. and Clavé, P. (2012). ‘The effect of surface electrical stimulation on swallowing in dysphagic Parkinson patients’. Dysphagia 27(4), pp528–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-011-9387-4
  • Baijens, L. W. J., Speyer, R., Passos, V. L., Pilz, W., van der Kruis, J., Haarmans, S. and Desjardins-Rombouts, C. (2013). ‘Surface electrical stimulation in dysphagic Parkinson patients: a randomized clinical trial’. The Laryngoscope 123(11), E38–E44. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.24119
  • Buhmann, C., Flügel, T., Bihler, M., Gerloff, C., Niessen, A., Hidding, U., Nienstedt, J. C. and Pflug, C. (2019). ‘Is the Munich dysphagia Test–Parkinson’s disease (MDT-PD) a valid screening tool for patients at risk for aspiration’? Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 61, pp138–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.10.031
  • Bushmann, M., Dobmeyer, S. M., Leeker, L. and Perlmutter, J. S. (1989). Swallowing abnormalities and their response to treatment in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 39(10), pp1309–14. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.39.10.1309
  • DePippo, K. L., Holas, M. A. and Reding, M. J. (1992). ‘Validation of the 3-oz water swallow test for aspiration following stroke’. Archives of Neurology 49(12), pp1259–61. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1992.00530360057018
  • Fabbri, M., Coelho, M., Abreu, D., Guedes, L. C., Rosa, M. M., Godinho, C., Cardoso, R., Guimaraes, I., Antonini, A., Zibetti, M., Lopiano, L. and Ferreira, J. J. (2019). ‘Dysphagia predicts poor outcome in late-stage Parkinson’s disease’. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 64, pp73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.02.043
  • Fasano, A., Visanji, N. P., Liu, L. W. C., Lang, A. E. and Pfeiffer, R. F. (2015). ‘Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease’. The Lancet Neurology 14(6), 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00007-1
  • Kalf, J. G., de Swart, B. J. M., Bloem, B. R. and Munneke, M. (2012). ‘Prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis’. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 18(4)3, 11–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.11.006
  • Lam, K., Lam, F. K. Y., Lau KK, Chan, Y. K., Kan, E. Y. L., Woo, J., Wong, F. K. and Ko, A. (2007). ‘Simple clinical tests may predict severe oropharyngeal dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease’. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 22(5), 640–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21362
  • Lo, R. Y., Tanner, C. M., Albers, K. B., Leimpeter, A. D., Fross, R. D., Bernstein, A. L., McGuire, V., Quesenberry, C. P., Nelson, L. M. and Van Den Eeden, S. K. (2009). ‘Clinical features in early Parkinson disease and survival’. Archives of Neurology 66(11), 1353–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.221
  • Logemann, J. A., Gensler, G., Robbins, J. A., Lindblad, A. S., Brandt, D., Hind, J. A., Kosek, S., Dikeman, K., Kazandjian, M., Gramigna, G. D., Lundy, D., McGarvey-Toler, S., and Gardner, P. J. M. (2008). ‘A randomized study of three interventions for aspiration of thin liquids in patients with dementia or Parkinson’s disease’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(1), 173–83. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/013)
  • Matison, R., Mayeux, Rosen, J. and Fahn, S. (1982). ‘“Tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon in Parkinson disease’. Neurology 32(5), 567–70. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.32.5.567
  • Nienstedt, J. C., Buhmann, C., Bihler, M., Niessen, A., Plaetke, R., Gerloff, C. and Pflug, C. (2018). ‘Drooling is no early sign of dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease’. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 30(4), e13259. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13259
  • Park, M. S., Choi, J. Y., Song, Y-J., Choi, H., Park, E-J. and Ji, E. S. (2019). ‘Systematic review of behavioral therapy to improve swallowing functions of patients with Parkinson’s Disease’. Gastroenterology Nursing 42(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/sga.0000000000000358
  • Pflug, C., Niessen, A., Buhmann, C. and Bihler, M. (2019). ‘Swallowing speed is no adequate predictor of aspiration in Parkinson’s disease’. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 31(12), e13713. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13713
  • Sarkar, P., Cole, A., Scolding, N. J. and Rice, C. M. (2017). ‘Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube insertion in neurodegenerative disease: a retrospective study and literature review’. Clinical Endoscopy 50(3), 270–278. https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2016.106
  • Simons, J. A., Fietzek, U. M., Waldmann, A., Warnecke, T., Schuster, T. and Ceballos Baumann, A. O. (2014). ‘Development and validation of a new screening questionnaire for dysphagia in early stages of Parkinson’s disease’. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 20(9), 992–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.06.008
  • Tomita, S., Oeda, T., Umemura, A., Kohsaka, M., Park, K., Yamamoto, K., Sugiyama, H., and Sawada, H. (2018). ‘Video-fluoroscopic swallowing study scale for predicting aspiration pneumonia in Parkinson’s disease’. PLOS One 13(6), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0197608
  • Troche, M. S., Curtis, J. A., Sevitz, J. S., Dakin, A. E., Perry, S. E., Borders, J. C., Grande, A. A., Mou, Y., Vanegas-Arroyave, N. and Hegland, K. W. (2022). ‘Rehabilitating cough dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: a randomized controlled trial’. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 38(2), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.29268
  • Yorkston, K., Baylor, C. and Britton, D. (2017). ‘Speech versus speaking: the experiences of people with Parkinson’s disease and implications for intervention’. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 26(2S), 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0087

 

Extended delivery of LSVT@LOUD

  • Spielman, J., Ramig, L., Mahler, L., Halpern, A. and Gavin, W. J. (2007). ‘Effects of an extended version of the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment on voice and speech in Parkinson’s disease’. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 16(2), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2007/014)

 

General

  • De Pablo-Fernandez, E., Courtney, R., Holton, J. L. and Warner, T. W. (London, United Kingdom) (2016). ‘Hypothalamic alpha-synuclein pathology and its relation to nonmotor symptoms and disease progression in Parkinson’s disease’. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 31(Suppl. 2), S96. Available at https://www.mdsabstracts.org/abstract/hypothalamic-alpha-synuclein-pathology-and-its-relation-to-non-motor-symptoms-and-disease-progression-in-parkinsons-disease/
  • Gang, M., Nishio, Y., Baba, T., Takeda, A. and Mori, E. (Sendai, Japan) (2016). ‘Correlations among motor, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease without dementia’. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 31(Suppl. 2), pS96.
  • MacMahon, D. G. and Thomas, S. (1998). ‘Practical approach to quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: the nurse’s role’. Journal of Neurology 245(1), S19–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00007732
  • Rodriguez-Blazquez, C., Rizos, A., Chaudhuri, K. R., Martinez-Martin, P., NILS, EUROPAR and the IPMDS Non Motor PD Study Groups (Madrid, Spain) (2016). ‘Non-motor symptoms trajectory in Parkinson’s disease: magnitude and importance of the change’. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 31(Suppl. 2), pS96.  Available at: https://www.mdsabstracts.org/abstract/non-motor-symptoms-trajectory-in-parkinsons-disease-magnitude-and-importance-of-the-change/
  • Rusz, J., Hlavnička, J., Novotný, M., Tykalova, T., Pelletier, A., Montplaisir, J., Gagnon, F., Dušek, P., Galbiati, A., Marelli, S., Timm, P. C., Teigen, L. N., Janzen, A., Habibi, M., Stefani, A., Holzknecht, E., Seppi, K., Evangelista, E., Rassu, A. L., Dauvilliers, Y., Högl, B., Oertel, W., St. Louis, E. K., Ferini-Strambi, L., Růžička. E., Postuma, R. B. and Šonka, K. (2021). ‘Speech biomarkers in rapid eye movement sleep disorder and Parkinson disease’. Annals of Neurology 90(1), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26085
  • Rusz, J., Hlavnička, J., Tykalová, T., Novotný, M., Dušek, P., Šonka, K. and Růžička, E. (2018). ‘Smartphone allows capture of speech abnormalities associated with high risk of developing Parkinson’s disease’. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, (6)8), 1495–1507. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2018.2851787
  • Sharpe, G., Macerollo, A., Fabbri, M. and Tripoliti, E. (2020). ‘Non-pharmacological treatment challenges in early Parkinson’s disease for axial and cognitive symptoms: a mini review’. Frontiers in Neurology 11(576569). https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.576569
  • Tong, T. E., Ng, M. L. and Yan, N. (Hong Kong, Hong Kong) (2016). ‘Impact of expiratory muscle strength training (EMST) on phonatory performance in Parkinson’s patients’. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 31(Suppl. 2), pS96.

 

Intensity of intervention

  • Baumann, A., Nebel, A., Granert, O., Giehl, K., Wolff, S., Schmidt, W., Baasch, C., Schmidt, G., Witt, K., Deuschl, G., Hartwigsen, G., Zeuner, K. E. and van Eimeren, T. (2018). ‘Neural correlates of hypokinetic dysarthria and mechanisms of effective voice treatment in Parkinson disease’. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 32(12), 1055–1066. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968318812726
  • Levy, E. S., Moya-Galé, G., Chang, Y. H. M., Freeman, K., Forrest, K., Brin, M. F. and Ramig, L. A. (2020). ‘The effects of intensive speech treatment on intelligibility in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial’. eClinicalMedicine 24, 100429. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eclinm.2020.100429
  • Narayana, S., Franklin, C., Peterson, E., Hunter, E. J., Robin, D. A., Halpern, A., Spielman, J., Fox, P. T. and Ramig, L. O. (2022). ‘Immediate and long-term effects of speech treatment targets and intensive dosage on Parkinson’s disease dysphonia and the speech motor network: randomized controlled trial’. Human Brain Mapping 43(7), 2328–2347. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25790
  • Ramig, L. O., Halpern, A., Spielman, J., Fox, C. and Freeman, K. (2018). ‘Speech treatment in Parkinson’s disease: randomized controlled trial (RCT)’. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 33(11), 1777–1791. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27460
  • Schulz, G., Halpern, A., Spielman, J., Ramig, L., Panzer, I., Sharpley, A. and Freeman, K. (2021). ‘Single word intelligibility of individuals with Parkinson’s disease in noise: pre-specified secondary outcome variables from a randomized control trial (RCT) comparing two intensive speech treatments (LSVT LOUD vs. LSVT ARTIC)’. Brain Sciences 11(7), 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070857

 

Models of care

  • Tönges, L., Buhmann, C., Eggers, C., Lorenzi, S., Warnecke, T., for the German Parkinson guideline group. (2024). ‘Guideline “Parkinson’s disease” of the German Society of Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie): concepts of care’. Journal of Neurology 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-024-12546-3

 

Saliva

  • Cardoso, F. (2018). ‘Botulinum toxin in parkinsonism: the when, how, and which for botulinum toxin injections’. Toxicon 147, 107–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.018
  • Dallal-York, J. and Troche, M. S. (2024). ‘Hypotussic cough in persons with dysphagia: biobehavioural interventions and pathways to clinical implementation’. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Science 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2024.1394110
  • Limbrock, G. J., Fischer-Brandies, H. and Avalle, C. (1991). ‘Castillo-Morales’ orofacial therapy: treatment of 67 children with Down syndrome’. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 33(4), 296–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14880.x
  • McNaney, R., Miller, N., Vines, J., Olivier, P., Ladha, K., Jackson, D. and Walker, R. (2019). ‘The feasibility and acceptability of using a novel wrist worn cueing device to self-manage drooling problems in people with Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study’. Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering, 6, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055668319852529
  • Merello, M. (2008). ‘Sialorrhoea and drooling in patients with Parkinson’s disease’. Drugs & Aging 25, 1007–1009. https://doi.org/10.2165/0002512-200825120-00003
  • Morgante, F., Bavikatte, G., Anwat, F. and Mohamed, B. (2019). ‘The burden of sialorrhoea in chronic neurological conditions: current treatment options and the role of incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®)’. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, 12, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286419888601
  • Seppi, K., Ray Chaudhuri, K., Coelho, M., Fox, S. H., Katzenschlager, R., Perez Lloret, S., Weintraub, D., Sampaio, C. and the collaborators of the Parkinson’s Disease Update on Non-Motor Symptoms Study Group on behalf of the Movement Disorders Society Evidence-Based Medicine Committee (2019). ‘Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease–an evidence-based medicine review’. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 34(2), 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27602
  • South, A. R., Somers, A. M. and Jog, A. S. (2010). ‘Gum chewing improves swallow frequency and latency in Parkinson patients: a preliminary study’. Neurology 74, 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d9002b
  • Wilmington healthcare (2021). Sialorrhoea: care pathway. Available at: https://hsjinformation.co.uk/sites/default/files/2024-07/Development-of-an-Integrated-Care-Pathway-for-Sialorrhoea-Wilmington-Healthcare-Dec-21.pdf (Accessed 24 October 2025)

 

Speech and voice

  • Brabenec, L., Klobusiakova, P., Simko, P., Kostalova, M., Mekyska, J. and Rektorova, I. (2021). ‘Non-invasive brain stimulation for speech in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial’. Brain Stimulation 14(3), 571–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2021.03.010

 

Swallowing assessment tools

  • Nienstedt, J. C., Bihler, M., Niessen, A., Plaetke, R., Pötter-Nerger, M., Gerloff, C., Buhmann, C., and Pflug, C. (2019). ‘Predictive clinical factors for penetration and aspiration in Parkinson’s disease’. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 31(3), e13524. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13524
  • Pflug, C., Bihler, M., Emich, K., Niessen, A., Nienstedt, J. C., Flügel, T., Koseki, J-C., Plaetke, R., Hidding, U., Gerloff, C. and Buhmann, C. (2018). ‘Critical dysphagia is common in Parkinson disease and occurs even in early stages: a prospective cohort study’. Dysphagia 33, 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-017-9831-1
  • Pflug, C., Niessen, A., Buhmann, C. and Bihler, M. (2019). ‘Swallowing speed is no adequate predictor of aspiration in Parkinson’s disease’. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 31(12), e13713. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13713
  • Suttrup, I. and Warnecke, T. (2016). ‘Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease’. Dysphagia, 31(1), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-015-9671-9
  • Warnecke, T., Labeit, B., Schroeder, J., Reckels, A., Ahring, S., Lapa, S., Muhle, P., Suntrup-Kruegar, S. and Dziewas, R. (2021). ‘Neurogenic dysphagia: systematic review and proposal of a classification system’. Neurology, 96, e876–e889. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000011350

 

Swallowing treatments

  • Athukorala, R. P., Jones, R. D., Sella, O. and Huckabee, M. L. (2014). ‘Skill training for swallowing rehabilitation in patients with Parkinson’s disease’. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(7), 1374–1382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.03.001
  • Baijens, L. W. K., Speyer, R., Passos, V. L., Pilz, W., van der Kruis, J., Haarmans, S. and Desjardins-Rombouts, C. (2013). ‘Surface electrical stimulation in dysphagic parkinson patients: a randomized control trial’. The Laryngoscope 123(11), ppe38–e44. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.24119
  • Borders, J. C., Sevitz, J. S., Curtis, J. A., Vanegas-Arroyave, N. and Troche, M. S. (2023). ‘Quantifying impairment in swallowing safety and efficiency in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson’s disease’. Dysphagia 38, 1342–1352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-023-10560-7
  • Buhmann, C., Bihler, M., Emich, K., Hidding, U., Pötter-Nerger, M., Gerloff, C., Niessen, A., Flügel, T., Koseki, J-C., Nienstedt, J. C. and Pflug, C. (2019). ‘Pill swallowing in Parkinson’s disease: a prospective study based on flexible endoscopic examination of swallowing’. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 62, 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.02.002
  • Logeman, J. A., Fisher, H. B., Boshes, B. and Blonsky, E. R. (1978). ‘Frequency and cooccurrence of vocal tract dysfunctions in the speech of a large sample of Parkinson patients’. The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 43(1) , 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.4301.47
  • Logemann, J. A., Gensier, G., Robbins, J-A., Lindblad, A. S., Brandt, D., Hind, J. A., Kosek, S., Dikeman, K., Kazandjian, M., Gramigna, G. D., Lundy, D., McGarvey-Toler, S. and Gardner, P. J. M. (2008). ‘A randomized study of three interventions for aspiration of thin liquids in patients with dementia or Parkinson’s disease’. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 51(1), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/013)
  • Manor, Y., Mootanah, R., Freud, D., Giladi, N. and Cohen, J. T. (2013). ‘Video-assisted swallowing therapy for patients with Parkinson’s disease’. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 19(2), 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.10.004
  • Park, A., Jang, S-J., Kim, N-E., Kim, T-H., Sohn, Y. H., Kim, H. H. and Cho, S-R. (2022). ‘Swallowing outcomes following voice therapy in multiple system atrophy with dysphagia: comparison of treatment efficacy with Parkinson’s disease’. Dysphagia 37, 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-021-10265-9
  • Royal College of Physicians (2021). Supporting people who have eating and drinking difficulties. 2nd ed. Available at: https://www.rcp.ac.uk/media/fw5pmtvw/supporting-people-who-have-eating-and-drinking-difficulties_3_0.pdf (Accessed 20 November 2024)
  • Troche, M. S., Okun, M. S., Rosenbek, J. C., Musson, N., Fernandez, H. H., Rodriguez, R., Romrell, J., Pitts, T., Wheeler-Hegland, K. M. and Sapienza, C. M. (2010). ‘Aspiration and swallowing in Parkinson disease and rehabilitation with EMST: a randomized trial’. Neurology 75(21), 1912–1919. https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0b013e3181fef115

 

Technology-enhanced delivery of LSVT LOUD: Tele-practice

  • Constantinescu, G., Theodoros, D., Russell, T., Ward, E., Wilson, S. and Wootton, R. (2011). ‘Treating disordered speech and voice in Parkinson’s disease online: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial’. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 46(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3109/13682822.2010.484848
  • Covert, L. T., Slevin, J. T. and Hatterman, J. (2018). ‘The effect of telerehabilitation on missed appointment rates’. International Journal of Telerehabilitation 10(2), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.5195/ijt.2018.6258
  • Griffin, M., Bentley, J., Shanks, J. and Wood, C. (2018). ‘The effectiveness of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment therapy issued interactively through an iPad device: a non-inferiority study’. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 24(3), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X17691865
  • Gustafsson, J. K., Södersten, M., Ternström, S. and Schalling, E. (2019). ‘Long-term effects of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment on daily voice use in Parkinson’s disease as measured with a portable voice accumulator’. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology 44(3), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/14015439.2018.1435718
  • Howell, S., Tripoliti, E. and Pring, T. (2009). ‘Delivering the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) by web camera: a feasibility study’. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 44(3), 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/13682820802033968
  • Saiyed, M., Hill, A. J., Russell, T. G., Theodoros, D. G. and Scuffham, P. (2020). ‘Cost analysis of home telerehabilitation for speech treatment in people with Parkinson’s disease’. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 28(7). https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X20948302
  • Theodoros, D. G., Hill, A. J. and Russell, R. G. (2016). ‘Clinical and quality of life outcomes of speech treatment for Parkinson’s disease delivered to the home via telerehabilitation: a noninferiority randomized controlled trial’. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 25(2), 214–232. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_ajslp-15-0005
  • Tindall, L. R., Huebner, R. A., Stemple, J. C. and Kleinert, H. L. (2008). ‘Videophone-delivered voice therapy: a comparative analysis of outcomes to traditional delivery for adults with Parkinson’s disease’. Telemedicine and e-Health 14(10), 1070–1077. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2008.0040